Dice

I was sitting in a hotel room without any Internet access and without much to do... and I made this simple script, to roll die. It uses the date to generate a random number, and then limits it to the specified range, from 0 to N.

Here's the code:

 
 1 #!/bin/bash 
 2 # 
 3 # Die roll script. 
 4 # 
 5 # Quick and dirty way to generate random numbers between one and N, 
 6 # just like a die roll simulation. 
 7 # 
 8 # Parameters: 
 9 #   Optionally, a number of sides for the die,  
10 #   but if this is not supplied, 6 is used by default; 
11 #   if a series of parameters is provided, the script  
12 #   rolls a die for each of the parameters. 
13 # Author: 
14 #   Konrad Siek  
15  
16 # Generates the random number from a date. 
17 function roll { 
18     expr \( $(date +%N) % "$1" \) + 1 
19 } 
20  
21 # Do the actual die rolls. 
22 if [ "$1" == "" ] 
23 then 
24     # If no argument is given, then roll a six-sider. 
25     roll 6 
26 else 
27     # Roll a die for each of the arguments. 
28     while [ "$1" != "" ] 
29     do 
30         roll $1 
31         shift 
32     done 
33  
34 fi 
35  

As you can see, the script is easy and fun. It's also quite useful, if you happen to find yourself wanting to play some war games or something.

I didn't know though, if it's reliable, so I wrote another short script - this one testing the previous one, by rolling a whole lot of rolls and checking the distribution of the results.

The fun thing though, was to create a short function inside, which divides some numbers and presents the result in a, more or less, human readable form. It's a neat little trick, even if I say so myself.

Here's the code:

 
  1 #!/bin/bash 
  2 # 
  3 # Die roll testing script. 
  4 # 
  5 # Roll a die for a number of times and check the distribution  
  6 # that comes out. 
  7 # 
  8 # Potential issues: 
  9 #   Can take quite a long time to finish. 
 10 # Parameters: 
 11 #   1. Number of sides, or six, if not specified, 
 12 #   2. Number of tests, or 100, if not specified. 
 13 # Author: 
 14 #   Konrad Siek  
 15  
 16 # Human readable division function. 
 17 # Takes two arguments and returns a pretty fraction. 
 18 function divide { 
 19     d=`expr $1 / $2` 
 20     m=`expr $1 % $2` 
 21     if [ $m != 0 ] 
 22     then 
 23         echo "$d + ( $m / $2 )" 
 24     else 
 25         echo "$d" 
 26     fi 
 27 } 
 28  
 29 # Establish number of sides for the die. 
 30 if [ "$1" == '' ] 
 31 then 
 32     sides=6 
 33 else 
 34     sides=$1 
 35 fi 
 36  
 37 # Establish number of tosses. 
 38 if [ "$2" == '' ] 
 39 then 
 40     rolls=100 
 41 else 
 42     rolls=$2 
 43 fi 
 44  
 45 # Command to use for testing. 
 46 command='./d' 
 47  
 48 # Maybe it's a global command, you never know. 
 49 $command > /dev/null
 50 if [ $? != '0' ] 
 51 then 
 52     command='d' 
 53 fi 
 54  
 55 # Roll the die, and check results. 
 56 $command > /dev/null
 57 if [ $? != '0' ] 
 58 then 
 59     # Exit if the command is not found. 
 60     echo "Could not run commnd 'd' or './d'. Exiting..." 
 61     exit 1 
 62 fi 
 63  
 64 # Instantiate the result array. 
 65 for i in $(seq 1 $sides) 
 66 do 
 67     control[$i]=0; 
 68 done 
 69  
 70 # Evaluate the results.  
 71 sum='0';
 72 count='0';
 73  
 74 # Evaluate expected value in each 'class'. 
 75 expected=`divide $(expr $sides + 1) 2` 
 76  
 77 # Roll the die, count the results, and display it at each step. 
 78 for i in $(seq 1 $rolls) 
 79 do 
 80     component=`$command $sides` 
 81     sum=`expr $sum + $component` 
 82     count=`expr $count + 1` 
 83     control[$component]=`expr ${control[$component]} + 1` 
 84     echo -e "$i\t$component\t$sum\t$(divide $sum $count)" 
 85 done 
 86  
 87 # Evaluate the global. 
 88 value=`divide $sum $count` 
 89  
 90 # Display results. 
 91 echo 
 92 echo -e "expected value:\t$expected" 
 93 echo -e "actual value:\t$value"  
 94 echo -en "rolled:\t" 
 95  
 96 for i in $(seq 1 $sides) 
 97 do 
 98     echo -en "$i: ${control[$i]}\t"; 
 99 done 
100 echo 

The code is also available at GitHub as bash/die.